Impact of the Discovery of the Vaccination

Impact of the Discovery of the Vaccination An important Discovery in Microbiology Edward Jenner   Discovery of the vaccination Thesis: The discovery of the vaccine was extremely important to the lives of both humans and animals. There are many discoveries that are extremely important to the advancement of microbiology currently today. Micro-organisms cannot be seen with the naked eye their discovery was linked to the production of the microscope. The first person to see micro -organisms was a microscope maker Antoni van Leeuwenhoek in 1964. (Madigan et al 2003) Centuries after that discovery, a man called Edward Jenner discovered vaccination. He achieved this by eliminating small pox back in the eighteen century. In the eighteenth century, this disease was a fatal disease that accounted for 10% of deaths. That with the most part of the disease effecting young children and the killed 20-50% of those that was effected. And those that survived was led to blindness with the small poxs. (Smith 2011) I believe this is the most important discovery in microbiology to date, and this is what I am going to be writing about in my essay. Edward Jenner was a scientist who invented the small pox vaccination back in 1798. He discovered that by using a material from cow pox this would prevent many people from getting infected with small pox. This man started the science of immunology (Smith 2011). Pox viruses are the most complex and largest viruses and are not able to metabolize on their own. By the achievement of Edward Jenner, the application of this vaccine, has eradicated in the wild and is the first disease to be eliminate in this way. (Madigan et al 2003) Edward Jenner grew up in the countryside and this is where he achieved his early studies of smallpox and first inoculation. This is where he immunized the power of the cow pox. He collected any information form the milk maids about the disease, and then observed the milk maids for 10 years and then brought about his own experiment by inoculating a young boy. This young boy never had small pox and Jenner inoculated him with cow pox. The infected young man became ill, but after a few days made a full recovery with no side effects (Mc Nally 2001). This young boy became resistant to this disease because he was exposed to the disease, this is called passive immunity. Passive immunity occurred here because the young boy was exposed to the antigen which was the small pox. Edward Jenner achieved this when he injected the young boy with the material of the antigen. The young boy that Jenner injected acquired the infection and became immune to the disease. When the disease was introduced into the body the immune cells produced a large quantity of the antigen specific immune effector molecules that caused the immunity. The herd effect had an major impact on the termination of the small pox disease, the uptake of large amount of vaccines into different amounts of people caused the vaccine to become eradicated. Edward Jenner is said to be the father of immunity, and he achieved this by preventing deaths during the seventeen century. He was a pioneer to many other scientists and demonstrated that his inoculations saved many humans lives. Many years after this a second vaccine was discovered by a scientist called Louis Pasteur wanted to portray the same idea as Edward Jenner only Louis Pasteur did not want to save the lives of humans but the lives of animals. Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine against chicken cholera a disease that was terminating chickens caused by the bacteria Pasteurella multocida. This concept of using an attenuated organism for a vaccine happened by accident in the lab of Pasteur and his fellow scientists. When he inoculated the chickens with the bacteria they became ill and when he injected them accordingly days after this they didnt become ill. (WU X et al 2011). This showed that there was 75% of the infected diseases were zoonotic and this showed there was a vaccine ag ainst rabies a disease which was infecting both humans and animals. Initially Pasteur injected a series of increasingly viral solutions, that contained infected spinal cord from rabbit in suspect animal, mainly dogs that he used for his purpose. (Baer et al 2007). During Pasteur s experiment he increased the volume of rabies which meant that there was an increase in the death of his patients. Improvements of this experiment in 1911 by another scientist called Sir David Semple. He produced a vaccine that was produced by sheep brain tissue that was activated a substance that could inactivate all the virus in the vaccine. In 1955 an American scientist introduced another improvement in the vaccine. He took brain tissue from suckling mice. He completed this as he wanted to eliminate the neurological sides effects of the disease that was concerned with the myelin in the brain tissue of adult mice. (Schneider t al 1994). The amount of myelin was greatly reduced but there still was side eff ects that was occurring. This was the way in which the discovery of the vaccines became as essential need for the protection of both humans and animals. In the past centuries, we have seen a vast amount of vaccines that have been produced. Ranging from chicken poxes to hepatitis. In addition, there are vaccines being developed today which have a dramatic effect in developing countries such as malaria and meningococcal vaccines. (Wilby et al 2012) (Kristiansen et al 2013). In these developing countries there as a higher rate of disease which causes the population to experience a greater loss of human lives. These vaccines have been proven successful because of the changes in technology which has saved millions of lives. Vaccinations are the most important achievement in the 20th century according to the The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (Scudder 2013). The benefits of successful vaccinations are very clear, not only direct protection but also has indirect effects on the unvaccinated individuals in the case of animals in groups or herds. (Doherty et al 2016) Proven to be protection in the herd. The herd immunity is a way in which the vaccine benefits beyond the animal being injected. The indirect protection of the unvaccinated person is when the injected suspect immunity prevents the circulation of the infectious disease into the populations. (Kim et al 2011) The death rate of not just humans but animals would have been dramatically increased and this would have a huge effect on the environment that we live in today. This is an important discovery in microbiology because this cured many diseases that not only affected human health but affected animal health. There are multiple vaccines now produced today that prevent many diseases such as Chickenpox (Varicella),Diphtheria, Flu (Influenza), Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Hib, Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Measles in humans and DHPP (vaccines for distemper, adenovirus [hepatitis], parainfluenza, and parvovirus), rabies, Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), Tetanus, Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis, leptospirosis, BVD, Rhinotracheitis and Calicivirus in animals. These examples are only some of many vaccines discovered, to prevent death. This discovery according to me is defiantly a vial discovery to life today. The work of both Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur is greatly known to be very valuable work to the health of humans and to help maintain the pathogenic bacteria. References:   Baer G.M,2007, The history of rabies A.C. Jackson, W.H. Wunner (Eds.),Rabies, Elsevier, Inc., Oxford pp. 1-22. Doherty M., Buchy P. , Standaert B., Giaquinto C. , Prado-Cohrs D. 2016, Vaccine impact: benefits for human health Vaccine, 34 pp. 6707-6714 Kim T.H., Johnstone J., Loeb M., 2011, Vaccine herd effect Scand J Infect Dis, 43 ,pp. 683-689 Kristiansen P.A., Diomandà © F., Ba A.K., Sanou I., Ouà ©draogo A.S., Ouà ©draogo R., Sangarà © L., Kandolo D., Akà © F., Saga I.M., Clark T.A, 2013, Impact of the serogroup A meningococcal conjugate vaccine, MenAfriVac, on carriage and herd immunity Clin. Infect. Dis. 56(3) pp 354-363. Madigan T. Micheal , Martinko M. John, Parker Jack, 2003, Pearson education Inc, International edition ,10th edition Brock Biology Of Microorganisms pp 540 -7779 Mc Nally Joseph,2001, The life of Dr Edward Jenner Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vol 12, No 1: pp 81-84 Schneider M.C. , Santos-Burgoa C.,1994, Treatment of human rabies: a summary of its history Rev Saude Publica, 28 , pp. 454-463 Scudder L, 2013, The importance of vaccinations The Journal Of Nurse Practitioners,9, pp A7-A8 Smith Kendall, 2011, Edward Jenner and the small pox vaccine Front. Immunol pp 1-4 Wilby K.J., Lau T.T., Gilchrist S.E., Ensom M.H. Mosquirix (RTS, S), 2012, a novel vaccine for the prevention of Plasmodium falciparum malaria 46(3) pp 384-393. Wu X , T.G. Smith, C.E. Rupprecht,2011, From brain passage to cell adaptation: The road of human rabies vaccine development Expert Rev Vaccines,vol 10 pp. 1597-1608

Hamptonshire Express: Problems 1-3 Essay

Problem #1 A. How many newspapers should Sheen stock? Use the simulation in the spreadsheet â€Å"Hamptonshire Express: Problem #1† to identify the optimal stocking quantity. What is the profit at this stocking quantity? Optimal Stocking Quantity: 584 Expected profit at Optimal Stocking Quantity: $331.43 B. Verify that the value derived in part (a) is consistent with the optimal stocking quantity in the Newsvendor model = mean = 500 = Standard Deviation = 100 = Overage Cost = $0.20†$0 = $0.20 = Shortage Cost = $0.20†$1.00 = †$0.80 = 1†.8 = .2 ïÆ'   corresponding z†value = .84 . âˆâ€" Problem #2 A. How many hours should Sheen invest daily in the creation of the profile section? The optimal amount of hours Sheen should invest results in optimal profit/day at: 4 hours With optimal stocking quantity: 685 And expected profit/day: $371.33 B. What explains Sheen’s choice of effort level h? Since the marginal cost of her effort is $10/hour and the marginal benefit of her effort is equal to: 8 * 50 = 10 ïÆ'   h = 4 2√ The hours invested will be optimized when marginal cost = marginal benefit, in this case h = 4. C. Compare the optimal profit under this scenario with the optimal profit derived in Problem #1. Optimal Profit in #1 = $331.43 @ 584 units = $0.5675/unit Optimal Profit in #2 = $371.33 @ 685 units = $0.5421/unit Although the optimal profit is increased from scenario 1 to scenario 2 by $39.90 the per unit profit is down by 0.0254/unit produced, however since overall profit is up, the added hours invested is still optimal. Problem #3 A. Assuming h=4 what would Armentrout’s stocking quantity be? Armentrout’s optimal stocking quantity is 516 B. Why does the optimal stocking quantity differ from the optimal stocking quantity identify in Problem #2? Is the result here consistent with the newsvendor formula? The optimal stocking quantities differ because there is a new player involved and new costs associated with overages and shortages. These results are still consistent with the newsvendor formula since the new model looks like: = mean = 600 = Standard Deviation = 100 = Overage Cost = $0.80 = Shortage Cost = $1.00†$0.80 = $0.20 = 1†.8 = .2 ïÆ'   corresponding z†value = †.85 . âˆâ€" C. Now try varying h†¦ How does her optimal effort in this question differ from the answer in question 2? Why? In Question 2, Sheen’s profit is maximized at optimal effort = 4. In Question 3, Sheen’s profit is optimal when h = 2 because her profits are being shared with Armentrout and the amount of hours Sheen invests determines the amount of copies that Armentrout will purchase depending on his demand. D. How would changing the transfer price from the current value of $0.80 per newspaper impact Sheen’s effort level and Armentrout’s stocking decision? Transfer Price Increase from $0.80 to $0.90 = Sheen’s Effort = 2.25 to 3.063 Armentrout’s Stocking Decision = 491 to 459 Sheen’s incentivized to put in more effort and therefore reap more profit but Armentrout’s stock will decline and make less profit if transfer price is increased. Transfer Price Decrease from $0.80 to $0.70 = Sheen’s Effort = 2.25 to 1.563 Armentrout’s Stocking Decision = 491 to 510 If the transfer price is decreased, Sheen’s incentivized to put in less effort because she is making less profit and Armentrout’s stock will increase since his costs are lower allowing him to make a higher profit. E. What conclusion can you draw about stocking and effort levels in a differentiated channel vis†Ãƒ  Ã¢â‚¬  vis an integrated firm that manufactures and retails its product? Stocking and effort levels are optimized throughout the chain in an integrated firm that manufactures and retails it’s products because there is a direct benefit and because incentives are aligned between manufacturing and retailing. They want to put forth the optimal effort to produce the maximum amount of units that will optimize profits. Optimal Profit in Problem #2 @ h=4: $371.33 @ 685 Units with fill rate 98% In a differentiated firm when there is an added level, in this case a level to retail, the manufacturing and retailing parties do not share the same goals, therefore stocking and effort levels are not optimized. Supplier only wants to produce as much as retail will buy at the minimum effort level and retail only wants to buy as much as will make them an optimal profit, I because stocking excess will incur losses. Optimal Profit in Problem #3 @ h=4 @ 516 Units with fill rate of only 86%

The Hidden Truth Regarding Classification Essay Topics for High School Students Uncovered by an Old Pro

The Hidden Truth Regarding Classification Essay Topics for High School Students Uncovered by an Old Pro The Argument About Classification Essay Topics for High School Students As soon as you've chosen your points, make sure you comment on all them for every one of the categories. After you think of a list of subjects you enjoy, take into consideration ways to approach it from an intriguing angle. Locate a foundation for classification The next issue to do is to pinpoint which basis you will make classification on. Moreover, when you choose your subject, take some time to make certain you've thought of every possible category. The Chronicles of Classification Essay Topics for High School Students It is possible to arrange then in a descending order with respect to price. Ultimately, include the thesis statement where the key types or approaches that you're likely to study are indicated in. If finding a suitable topic for your exemplification essay is just the start of your pr oblems, there's a way to make them go away. Some could feel the chance to investigate and explore a different topic will help them with an amazing learning curve. You can receive the very best custom essay help from us in several topics. In an academic setting, but the paper needs to be formatted and organized in line with the corresponding standards without the usage of informal languages like slang or jargon. Then, there's the format. After all, there are dozens of similar sites on the internet which may help me write my essay. Select a topic First step you ought to take is to pick the topic. In high school, you're supposed to select the type of topic you are going to be in a position to dig into that is, you need to be sure you can come across enough info on the topic. Basically, you merely pick a topic that is simpler for you so you can paint palpable pictures in the mind of the reader. If this is the case, you've got yourself a very good topic. Make certain you understand how to reveal the gist of your topic and write a strong paper. Also, don't forget that you'll have to supply some factual evidence for your opinion (after all, any academic paper needs to be supported by academically recognized sources), thus don't go for subjects which are purely opinionated and don't have any possibility of justification. Starting with a simple thesis at the start of your work, don't hesitate to polish it later on, once your essay starts to take some shape. Actually, lots of argumentative essays are in reality persuasive papers. You may also acquire different discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. You're able to easily order any kind of essay without leaving your room. It's essential to define the order you're going to place the categories in your paper when describing them. You have to devote a certain quantity of time sitting in the library or surfing the internet so as to locate some helpful data for your academic paper. The Ultimate Classification Essay Topics for High School Students Trick Or you might want to find some recommendations about how to compose your essay. Students discover that it's excessively strenuous to select amazing college essay topics. The categories you select for your essay should be wholly separate. Though a comprehensive collection of essay topics on accounting is given here still there are lots of graduates who are not able to compose their essay easily. Aside from the mentioned above classification essay topics, there are lots of others which we may supply you with. There's one crucial component to classification essays. Classification Essay Topics for High School Students at a Glance Without the appropriate guidance, you may end up choosing college essay topics that will fail to impress the admission board or gain a chance to study in your fantasy college. Below, a student can discover the required info on the certain sort of academic assignment. Any student has plenty of friends. College students along with university professors may easily generate an outstanding number of custom topics for their research papers. On the surface of it, the classification essay may look like a very simple concept as it's only meant to help make a concept easily understandable to the reader. When writing an essay you could first decide on a very good category of things which you have better knowledge and comprehension. Reading accounting thesis can't help professionals to be a thriving accountant without practical understanding. It's important to keep in mind that the transitions from 1 category to another one ought to be smooth, clear for the reader and could too reveal your individual sympathies as a writer.

Symbolism in the Great Gatsby - 2513 Words

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby In the novel The Great Gatsby by Francis Scott Fitzgerald there are many different kinds of symbols used. Fitzgerald uses colors and material luxuries as the two main symbols in the novel. The author uses these symbols most frequently in the novel. The symbolism is carefully incorporated within the novel which makes it hard to detect at first glance. Within these symbols Fitzgerald mainly expresses feelings and the American Dream. Fitzgerald uses colors like an artist in his novel. Each color represents a different feeling or has a different meaning. He uses the color yellow to symbolize moral decay and death, the color white to symbolize innocence, and the color green to express hope. Fitzgeralds use of†¦show more content†¦When Gatsby returned to pursue his dream, he knew that Daisy is married Tom. He desperately wanted to get back together with her so much that he bought a house where he could see Daisys house from his. Gatsby was able to pick out a green light at the end of her dock, and often looked toward it. That green symbolized as Gatsby’s deepest feeling and goal in this book. Gatsby was so close to his goal of being with Daisy; however, the hard work that he put into his life to get where he was to achieve his goal unfortunately was not enough because his life had ended. â€Å"Another symbolization the color green has in this novel is an urge to strive ahead in life, to do better in life and succeed. Gatsby changes his entire persona for a better, more sociable, image and status. He is constantly striving to be a more successful figure in society† (Schneider 14). Ever since Gatsby was a boy he put himself on a schedule with hopes for becoming a successful, highly respected, and well-known person. He knew he had a big future in front of him. (Fitzgerald 181), his dad says about Gatsby. Jimmy was bound to get ahead. He always had some resolves like this...† (Fitzgerald 182). White is the other color that is used as a symbol in this novel. Where green only influenced one character particularly Gatsby, white has a wider range of influence on the characters. This color symbolizes one thing, innocence, but it appears in everyShow MoreRelatedSymbolism In The Great Gatsby1029 Words   |  5 Pagestheir social status. In The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the idea of wealth is seen throughout. Jay Gatsby, who lives next door to Nick Carraway; the Narrator of the story, wants to be with his dream girl Daisy. Gatsby is wealthy and throws parties to impress Daisy. Daisy however, is married to another man Tom Buchanan. Throughout the story the people with money use it to create their social status. In The Great Gatsby F.Scott Fitzgerald uses symbolism to convey, wealth causes peopleRead MoreSymbolism In The Great Gatsby2223 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Gatsby is a novel written by Scott Fitzgerald in 1925. Soctt Fitzgerald was an American novelis t in the 1920’s. Fitzgerald had a problem with alcoholism, which finally was the reason he died. This problem that Fitzgerald had is currently showed in the novel The Great Gatsby, in which alcohol makes part of almost every part of the book, in parties and meetings. The novel portrays the high-class society life during the 1920 ´s. It takes place in New York City. During the 1920’s in the UnitedRead More Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesGatsby Essay Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. For example, a dove is usually used to represent peace. In the novel The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald uses a lot of symbolism to connect the characters with each other or to other objects. Fitzgerald’s use of symbolism helps advance his thematic interest in his novel of The Great Gatsby. In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses various colors, objectsRead MoreEssay Symbolism in The Great Gatsby864 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, The Great Gatsby, there is lots of reflection on symbolism, and especially colored symbolism. In this novel symbolism is a very important factor, it shows the difference between the different characters and scenes in the novel. The color green influences the story a lot. Green shows many thoughts, ideas, attitudes, and choices that Gatsby has throughout the story. White too plays an even more important role in the novel as it is used to represent some of the characters, it also talksRead More Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay551 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Gatsby Symbols Throughout the book the Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, there are many examples of very simple things that have a deeper meaning or represent more than meets the eye. The book is narrated by Nick Carraway, and is about a man named Gatsby who throws huge parties where he doesn’t even make an appearance, all in an attempt to win back his lost lover Daisy who is married to Tom Buchanan. Gatsby is a big figure in the book and he uses many objects around him to representRead MoreEssay on Symbolism on the Great Gatsby1179 Words   |  5 Pagescomplex than it seems. Whereas a symbol as complicated as the â€Å"eye† can mean more than it’s suggested for. Throughout The Great Gatsby symbolism represent color, the existence of eyes and money. The color symbolism is repetitive throughout the novel. The colors represent the different characters personality and their actions. An important symbolic color in The Great Gatsby is the green light. The color green itself is associated with spring, money, hope and youth. The green light stands for somethingRead MoreSymbolism in The Great Gatsby Essays790 Words   |  4 PagesSymbolism The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is bursting with symbols and motifs. Looking deeper into these symbols will uncover the abstract and intangible themes and messages portrayed throughout the novel. The green light at the end of Daisy’s dock as well as T.J Eckleburg’s eyes overlooking the Valley of Ashes and the discrepancy between not only the characters of East and West Egg but the social class and standard of living they abide by. By uncovering all of these symbols and exposingRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Symbolism Analysis759 Words   |  4 Pages Fizgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby tells the story of Gatsby’s romance, tragedy and dramatic life, reflecting the glamor of the glitz and the loss of the Jazz era. In the novel, the author makes extensive use of symbolic techniques to express his profound thoughts and themes. The extensive use of symbolism not only enriches the connotation of the article but also reveals the theme in more depth and embod ies the author’s mature artistic creation skills. 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The color symbolism in The Great Gatsby is represented by the colors green, gold, and black. Green is the color that begins the story. A man not known in the beginning, but surely known at end by the name of Jay Gatsby, reaching out to an â€Å"incorruptible